Lineamientos para la prevención y el tratamiento de la osteoporosis inducida por glucocorticoides en pediatría / Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in pediatrics

Objetivo. Proporcionar un marco para profesionales de la salud que tratan a pacientes pediátricos bajo terapia con glucocorticoides (GC) y desarrollar recomendaciones para la prevención y el tratamiento de la osteoporosis inducida por GC en la población pediátrica. Métodos. Un panel de expertos en enfermedades óseas y pediátricas generó una serie de preguntas PICO que abordan aspectos relacionados con la prevención y el tratamiento de osteoporosis en pacientes bajo tratamiento con GC. Siguiendo la metodología GRADE, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se resumieron las estimaciones del efecto y se calificó la calidad de la evidencia. Luego se procedió a la votación y a la formulación de las recomendaciones. Resultados. Se desarrollaron 7 recomendaciones y 6 principios generales para osteoporosis inducida por GC en población pediátrica. Conclusión. Estas recomendaciones proporcionan orientación para los médicos que deben tomar decisiones en pacientes pediátricos bajo tratamiento con GC.

Objective. To provide a framework for healthcare professionals managing pediatric patients who are on active glucocorticoid (GC) therapy and to develop recommendations for the prevention and treatment of GC-induced osteoporosis in the pediatric population. Methods. A panel of experts on bone and pediatric diseases developed a series of PICO questions that address issues related to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients on GC therapy. In accordance with the GRADE approach, we conducted a systematic review of the literature, summarized effect estimations, and classified the quality of the evidence. Then, voting and the formulation of recommendations followed. Results. Seven recommendations and six general principles were developed for GC-induced osteoporosis in the pediatric population. Conclusion. These recommendations provide guidance for clinicians who must make decisions concerning pediatric patients undergoing treatment with GC.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine （Part 8）： Quality Evaluation with AGREE Ⅱ and RIGHT / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo evaluate the methodological and reporting quality of clinical practice guidelines for Chinese patent medicine （CPM） with internationally recognized tools the appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation （AGEREE） Ⅱ and reporting items for practice guidelines in healthcare （RIGHT）， thereby providing refe-rence for the clinical application and future development of CPM guidelines. MethodsDatabases including CNKI， VIP， Wanfang and Sinomed were searched for CPM guidelines， as well as medlive.cn， websites of China Association of Chinese Medicine and Chinese Medical Association， and reference lists of the included papers. The quality of the guidelines was evaluated using the AGREE Ⅱand RIGHT tools， and consistency tests were performed using Interclass Correlation Coefficient， and descriptive analysis and chi-square test were used to analyze the reporting rate for each domain and the average score for each item. ResultsFinally， 140 CPM guidelines were included， of which 51 were disease-oriented and 89 were drug-oriented， all of which were issued by China. For 51 disease-oriented CPM guidelines， the highest average score of all six AGREE Ⅱ domains was 73.32% for clarity， and the lowest was 26.80% for application； for 89 drug-oriented CPM guidelines， the highest average score was 55.62% for scope and purpose， and the lowest was 31.32% for rigour of development. In terms of the seven domains of the RIGHT checklist， the highest reporting rate was 68.26% for background， and lowest was 27.45% for other areas regarding the disease-oriented CPM guidelines； the highest reporting rate was 61.31% for background， and the lowest was 4.49% for other areas regarding drug-oriented CPM guidelines. The average reporting rate was higher for disease-oriented than drug-oriented CPM guidelines in three domains of AGREE Ⅱ （rigour of development， clarity of presentation， editorial independence）， as well as four domains of RIGHT checklist （basic information， evidence， funding and declaration and management of interests， and other areas）. ConclusionThe overall methodology and reporting quality of the current CPM guidelines still need to be improved. It is recommended that future guideline development teams should strictly refer to the AGREE Ⅱ and RIGHT checklist， and take into account of the characteristics of CPM guidelines and relevant methodo-logical suggestions in the development and reporting of CPM guidelines， thereby guiding the clinical use of CPM in a better way.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine （Part 7）： Introduction and Interpretation of the Guideline Reporting Checklist / 中医杂志

The systematic and comprehensive introduction and interpretation of the Reporting Checklist of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicines V1.0 is conducive to the presentation of high-quality clinical practice guidelines for Chinese patent medicines （CPMs）， thus improving their dissemination and use. The Reporting Checklist of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicines V1.0 specifies the requirements for clear， complete and transparent reporting of the whole process of developing CPMs guidelines， containing 4 domains， 17 topics and 43 items， and involving the basic information， recommendations and methods of guideline development. Especially， it details the items related to the rules and regulations of the use of CPMs in the recommendations， which is helpful for improving the completeness， scientificity and practicality of the reporting of CPMs guideline.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine （Part 6）： Formation and Presentation of Recommendations / 中医杂志

Recommendation formation is a key component of clinical practice guidelines for Chinese patent medicine （CPM）， and should encompass the determination of the strength and direction of the recommendation， the rationale for the recommendation， and the methodology for implementing the recommendation. Recommendations can be formed through formal consensus and informal consensus. The strength and direction of recommendations for CPM guidelines should be determined by considering the quality of evidence for CPMs， the priority of the clinical questions， the pros and cons of efficacy and adverse effects， patient acceptance， the feasibility of the recommendation and the availability of resources， social fairness， economic benefits， and other influencing factors. In order to better guide guideline developers to consider these factors more rationally， this article provideed a detailed explanation of each factor in the context of the characteristics of TCM.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine（Part 5）： Retrieval and Synthesis of Key Information on Rational Drug Use / 中医杂志

Recommendations for Chinese patent medicine （CPM） based on key information on rational drug use are one of the important conditions for enhancing guideline enforceability as well as facilitating guideline implementation. In this study， we discussed in detail of the key information on the rational use of CPM in five aspects， which are dosage， drug discontinuation， drug-drug and drug-food interactions， safety and economy. Following the process of multi-source search， synthesis and prioritization， it is suggested to collect key information on the rational use of CPM from a multi-source search of drug instructions， policy documents， literature， and clinical experts' experiences. Then the searched information should be summarized and prioritized with the principle that taking drug instructions as the basis and other-sources information for check and supplementation. Finally， methodological recommendations for the retrieval and synthesis of key information on rational drug use in guideline recommendations has been formed.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine（Part 4）： Evidence Retrieval and Evaluation / 中医杂志

The retrieval and evaluation of evidence is the basis for the development of clinical practice guidelines for Chinese patent medicine. As traditional Chinese medicine has a different development trajectory and utilization characteristics from modern medicine， there is certain differences in terms of evidence composition， retrieval and integration.This paper discussed multi-source body of evidence on Chinese patent medicine based on modern evidence-based medicine and ancient medical literature， and summarized the retrieval strategy as well as the possible problems and solving methods. For different types of evidence on Chinese patent medicine， the corresponding evaluation tools have been recommended， and the order to integrate the evidence based on the quality of the evidence from high to low is suggested. Finally， a multi-source based evidence retrieval-evaluation-integration scheme for Chinese patent medicine has been formed， which will provide a methodological reference for practitioners in the development of clinical practice guidelines for Chinese patent medicine.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine（Part 3）： Identification of Clinical Questions / 中医杂志

The identification of clinical questions for clinical practice guidelines of Chinese patent medicine （CPM） is important for subsequent evidence retrieval， evaluation of evidence quality， formation of recommendations. This paper described a methodological proposal for the identification of clinical questions for CPM guidelines to highlight the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine and reflect its effect in specific stage of the disease. Considering four aspects， namely， the drug of Chinese patent medicine （D）， the specific disease stage （S）， comparison （C）， and specific outcome （O）， DSCO framework has been proposed to formulate the clinical questions. Multi-source information through scientific research， policy or standard documents， and clinical data are suggested for collecting clinical questions， and clear selection criteria should be set to finalize the clinical questions to be addressed by the guideline. In addition， the above process needs to be transparently and publicly reported in order to ensure the clarity and completeness of the guidelines.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine： 2.Establishment of Guideline Working Group and Management of Conflict of Interests / 中医杂志

This paper summarized the key points and methods in terms of the establishment of the guideline working group and the management of conflict of interests， trying to provide reference for the development of clinical practice guidelines for Chinese patent medicine （CPM）. The establishment of the working group is the first important step for developing CPM guidelines. Considering the characteristics of the clinical practice guidelines for CPM， this study suggests that the three key elements of ‘multidisciplinarity’， ‘clinical relevance’ and ‘geographical representativeness’ should be put focus on when forming the working group. The guideline advisory committee， clinical expert group， evidence systematic evaluation group， secretary group and the external review group should be established. All group members should clarify the conflict of interest， and the process and management method of the conflict of interest should be clearly reported.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guideline for Chinese Patent Medicine（Part 1）： Development Status and Characteristics / 中医杂志

The irrational use of Chinese patent medicines （CPM） is becoming more and more prominent， which makes the demand for clinical practice guidelines of CPM gradually increase. In order to make domestic scholars understand the latest developments and existing problems of the CPM guidelines， and promote its development， this paper introduced the concept of CPM guidelines， summarized the characteristics of the two development modes， namely “taking CPM as the key” and “taking disease/syndrome as the key”， and analyzed the current methodological status of developing and reporting CPM guidelines. Based on the existed problems， three suggestions have been put forward to optimize the quality of CPM guidelines， which were clarifying the target users and scope of CPM guidelines， establishing an open and transparent mechanism of the personnel involvement and process steps， and formulating implementable and operable recommendations for the use of CPM.

Research progress on dental materials for preventing root caries / 口腔疾病防治

@#The high incidence and untreated rate of root caries, a common and frequently occurring oral disease with challenging treatment in elderly individuals, is the main cause of tooth loss among elderly people, as rapid development results in pulpitis and periapical periodontitis or residual crown and root, which has been regarded as one of the common chronic oral diseases seriously affecting the quality of life of elderly people. Thus, early intervention and prevention are important. Traditional dental materials for preventing root caries have been widely used in clinical practice; however, they have the disadvantages of tooth coloring, remineralization and low sterilization efficiency. A series of new dental materials for preventing root caries have gradually become a research hotspot recently, which have the advantages of promoting the mineralization of deep dental tissue, prolonging the action time and enhancing adhesion. Future caries prevention materials should be designed according to the characteristics of root surface caries and the application population and should be developed toward simplicity, high efficiency and low toxicity. This review describes current research regarding anti-caries prevention material application, serving as a theoretical underpinning for the research of root caries prevention materials, which is important for both promotion in the effective prevention of root caries and improvement in the status of oral health and the quality of life among old people.

Guía de Sífilis Gestacional y Congénita: perspectivas de profesionales de la salud en Bolívar (Colombia) / Guidelines on Gestational and Congenital Syphilis: insights of health professionals in Bolívar (Colombia)

Objetivos: Describir los conocimientos, la idoneidad y las prácticas respecto a la "Guía de práctica clínica (GPC) basada en la evidencia para la atención integral de la sífilis gestacional (SG) y congénita (SC)". Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Incluyó médicos generales, especialistas y enfermeras que laboraban en 52 instituciones de salud en el departamento de Bolívar (Colombia) y realizan el control prenatal o la atención al neonato en el 2020. Muestreo por conveniencia. Se aplicó cuestionario digital que recolectó información sociodemográfica; evaluó conocimientos, idoneidad y prácticas sobre la "Guía de práctica clínica (GPC)" mencionada en los objetivos. Se hace análisis descriptivo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 101 trabajadores. Hay deficiencias relacionadas con la aplicación correcta del algoritmo inverso de diagnóstico (48 %) y seguimiento de SG (77 %), manejo de la paciente con antecedentes de alergias de manifestaciones sistémicas (31 %) y tratamiento de la SG (61 %) y SC (10 %). La recomendación de no aplicar prueba de penicilina en pacientes sin antecedentes de alergias sistémicas se considera poco útil (60 %). El 23 % de los trabajadores no emplea las pruebas rápidas y el 44 % de los especialistas da tratamiento para sífilis al compañero sexual. Conclusiones: Es importante intensificar las estrategias de capacitación en el personal de salud con énfasis en el personal de enfermería y, de manera urgente, empoderar a este personal en las actividades relacionadas con el control de la sífilis. Se requiere hacer nuevas y continúas evaluaciones a nivel nacional y regional de la implementación de esta guía que permitan evaluar los indicadores que contiene la estrategia de eliminación de esta enfermedad.

Objectives: To describe the knowledge, appropriateness and practices regarding the evidence-based "Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) for the comprehensive management of gestational syphilis (GS) and congenital syphilis (CS)". Material and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study including general practitioners, specialists and nurses working at 52 healthcare institutions in the Bolivar Department (Colombia) who provided prenatal control or neonatal care in 2020. Convenience sampling was used. A digital questionnaire was administered to collect sociodemographic information, assessed knowledge, appropriateness and practices in terms of the evidenced-based "Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG)" mentioned in the objectives. A descriptive analysis followed. Results: A total of 101 workers were included. There are deficiencies associated with the correct use of the inverse algorithm of diagnosis (48 %) and GS follow-up (77 %), management of the patient with a history of systemic manifestation allergies (31 %) and treatment of GS (61 %) and CS (10 %). The recommendation of not using the penicillin test in patients with no history of systemic allergies is considered of little benefit (60 %). 23 % of the workers do not use rapid tests and 44 % of the specialists administer syphilis treatment to the sexual partner. Conclusions: It is important to intensify the training strategies for health personnel with emphasis on nurses and, as a matter of urgency, empower them in syphilis control activities. New and continuous national and regional evaluations of the implementation of these guidelines are needed to assess the indicators associated with the strategy for the elimination of this disease.

Evaluación de guías prácticas y preservación de la glándula submandibular en la disección del cuello

Introducción: Las guías prácticas de atención al cáncer de cabeza y cuello abordan actualmente la preservación funcional de algunos órganos dentro del tratamiento oncoespecífico. Objetivos: Evaluar guías de práctica clínica y cómo abordan la preservación de la glándula submandibular en la disección del cuello. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y transversal, donde se evaluaron seis guías de atención al cáncer de cabeza y cuello, en cuanto a su calidad metodológica y la preservación de la glándula submandibular en la disección del cuello. Se utilizó el instrumento Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation y se conformó un equipo compuesto por cuatro evaluadores que dieron su consentimiento y fueron capacitados en su uso. Para el análisis de la información se empleó el Statistical Package for Social Sciences versión 21 y se calculó la puntuación de calidad para cada dominio y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase. Resultados: La mayor puntuación de calidad correspondió a los dominios 1, 4 y 6. La guía con mayor puntuación de calidad fue la de la Sociedad Europea de Oncología Médica, con una media de 94,3 %, mientras que la de la Sociedad China de Oncología Clínica obtuvo el menor valor para un 71,5 %. Tres guías obtuvieron la máxima puntuación de calidad (7) en la evaluación global. La mayor fuerza de concordancia entre los evaluadores correspondió a la guía de la Sociedad Americana de Oncología Clínica (1) y la menor a la del Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología (0,93). Conclusiones: Las guías de práctica clínica del cáncer de cabeza y cuello evaluadas presentaron una alta calidad metodológica y la preservación de la glándula submandibular en la disección del cuello no fue abordada en ninguna.

Introduction: Practical guidelines for head and neck cancer care currently address the functional preservation of some organs within oncospecific treatment. Objectives: To evaluate clinical practice guidelines and how they address the preservation of the submandibular gland in neck dissection. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out to evaluate six guidelines for head and neck cancer care, in terms of their methodological quality and the preservation of the submandibular gland in neck dissection. The Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation instrument was used, a team was composed by four evaluators who gave their consent and were trained to use such instrument. For the analysis of the information, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 was used and the quality score for each domain and the intraclass correlation coefficient were calculated. Results: The highest quality score corresponded to domains 1, 4 and 6. The guide with the highest quality score was that of the European Society of Medical Oncology reporting an average of 94.3%, while that of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology obtained the lowest value (71.5%). Three guidelines had the highest quality score (7) in the global evaluation. The highest strength of agreement between the evaluators corresponded to the guideline of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (1) and the lowest to that of the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (0.93). Conclusions: The head and neck cancer clinical practice guidelines evaluated presented high methodological quality and the preservation of the submandibular gland in neck dissection was not addressed in any of them.

Caracterización y evaluación de adherencia al programa Get With The Guidelines en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca aguda en un hospital de Bogotá, 2016-2018: Cohorte HUN-ICA

Introducción: la adherencia a estándares de manejo en insuficiencia cardiaca como la iniciativa Get With the Guidelines (GWTG) de la AHA puede disminuir los reingresos y mortalidad. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda y evaluar la adherencia a estándares de práctica clínica del programa "Get With The Guidelines", en un hospital universitario de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional de la cohorte retrospectiva HUN-ICA correspondiente a 493 pacientes adultos hospitalizados entre abril 2016 y diciembre 2018 por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda, se registraron variables clínicas, tratamiento, mortalidad, reingresos y se evaluó adherencia a estándares de calidad del programa GWTG. Resultados: 52,1 % de la población fueron mujeres con una media de edad 75 años y el 67,8 % con FEVI >40 %. La etiología más común fue hipertensiva 58,5 % y la mayor causa de descompensación infecciosa (28,8 %). Aumentó la adherencia al uso de betabloqueadores en pacientes con fracción de eyección reducida al egreso de 46 % respecto al ingreso y al uso de antagonistas de receptor mineralocorticoide en pacientes con FEVI reducida de 61,1 %. Discusión: la cohorte evaluada presentó un perfil hemodinámico, clínico y adherencia en el manejo similar a cohortes nacionales. Las dosis subóptimas de la medicación al egreso justifican la necesidad de clínicas ambulatorias de insuficiencia cardíaca. Conclusiones: Se encontró menor adherencia para uso y dosis óptimas de betabloqueadores y antagonista mineralocorticoide que la de la cohorte GWTG, con incremento del uso de terapia farmacológica entre el ingreso y el egreso hospitalario.

Introduction: adherence to management standards in heart failure such as the AHA´s Get With the Guidelines-Heart failure initiative can reduce readmissions and mortality. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure and to assess adherence to program quality standards of the Get With The Guidelines Program in a university hospital in Bogotá. Methods: observational, descriptive and retrospective HUN-ICA cohort study. 493 adult patients hospitalized for acute heart failure, between April 2016 to December 2018. Clinical variables, treatment, mortality, readmissions and adherence to program quality standards defined by the GWTG program criteria were evaluated. Results: 52,1 % of the population were women, mean age was 75 years, (67,8 %) cases of heart failure with LVEF > 40 %. The most common etiology of heart failure was hypertensive (58,5 %). The most frequent etiology of decompen- sation was infectious (28,8 %). Adherence to beta-blockers use increased in patients with reduced ejection fraction at discharge of 46 %, and to the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in 61,1 %, compared to admission. Discussion: the evaluated cohort presented a hemodynamic, clinical profile and adherence similar to colombian cohorts. Suboptimal doses of medication upon discharge justify the need for outpatient heart failure clinics. Conclusions: lower adherence for use and optimal doses of beta-blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists than GWTG cohort was found, with increased use of guidelines recommended pharmacological therapy between hospital admission and discharge.

Prática clínica do enfermeiro na Atenção Primária à Saúde em tempos de pandemia Covid-19: análise na perspectiva da gestão em saúde / Clinical practice of nurses in primary health care in times of the Covid-19 pandemic: analysis from the perspective of health management

Resumo: A ressignificação da prática clínica do enfermeiro na atenção primária à saúde (APS) requer a compreensão das diferentes dimensões influenciadoras, tais como a social e a política, financeira, nos micros e macro espaços de atuação que envolvem a sua efetividade e consolidação no modelo assistencial, seja no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19 ou no cotidiano da APS. Neste sentido, questiona-se como o modelo assistencial dos municípios no Estado do Paraná propicia a prática clínica do enfermeiro na APS. Tem-se como objetivo geral: analisar o modelo assistencial em saúde dos municípios e sua relação com a prática clínica do enfermeiro na APS sob o contexto da pandemia Covid-19. Como objetivos específicos: caracterizar o modelo assistencial em saúde municipal nas suas relações com a prática clínica do enfermeiro; identificar a percepção dos gestores em saúde sobre o papel do enfermeiro no que se refere à prática clínica na APS; reconhecer o papel do enfermeiro na APS frente à pandemia Covid-19, suas práticas clínicas como estratégias de acesso para o atendimento à saúde da população; identificar as divergências e convergências entre a prática clínica do enfermeiro, o modelo assistencial e os atributos essenciais da Atenção Primária. O método foi composto por uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo exploratória e descritiva, realizada no Estado do Paraná, contemplando um município em cada regional de saúde. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista com apoio de roteiro semiestruturado. Foram realizadas 26 entrevistas, no período de maio a dezembro de 2021. Os participantes foram gestores municipais com funções relacionadas ao planejamento, a organização e a direção da atenção primária à saúde. Os aspectos éticos foram seguidos, conforme o disposto na Resolução nº. 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Para apoiar a análise, utilizou-se o software IRAMUTEQ na organização e processamento dos dados, e na sequência foi realizada a análise das convergências e divergências evidenciadas, na qual foi utilizado a Hermenêutica Dialética (HD). Os resultados foram organizados em cinco classes intituladas: A percepção dos gestores sobre a prática clínica do enfermeiro na APS; O enfermeiro na gestão, organização e desenvolvimento do modelo assistencial na APS; A retomada das ações em saúde na atenção primária pós pandemia da Covid-19; A organização do modelo assistencial durante a pandemia da Covid-19 na APS e a atuação clínica do enfermeiro na APS com foco principal no atendimento às condições crônicas. Em relação às convergências e divergências identificadas, destaca-se a necessidade de proximidade entre os atributos da APS, que muitas vezes são destacados, ou organizados de maneira isolada, sem integração ou relação entre eles. Outro ponto, que há um consenso entre os gestores que a prática clínica do enfermeiro é fundamental para o fortalecimento da APS, mas diverge da percepção de que alguns enfermeiros elegem as atividades administrativas em detrimento da clínica, entendendo que pode implicar no avanço da prática clínica avançada no Brasil. A pesquisa contribuiu para refletir sobre a ressignificação da prática clínica do enfermeiro, principalmente no contexto da atenção primária à saúde. Ainda, sobre o papel estrutural do Estado, chama a atenção para que o mesmo: reconheça e assuma seu papel na elaboração, articulação, implementação, acompanhamento e avaliação do modelo assistencial, principalmente no apoio aos municípios; identifique a prevalência de modelos assistenciais, cooperando com mudanças que forem necessárias, principalmente na transição de um modelo fragmentado para um que atenda e articule os princípios do SUS. Ademais, este estudo contribui com a temática, demonstrando que a atuação do enfermeiro é fundamental na APS, no que se refere ao acesso, a coordenação do cuidado, integralidade e longitudinalidade. Além disso, há entendimento sobre a importância da prática clínica do enfermeiro para fortalecimento da APS e melhoria dos serviços prestados à população. Contudo, faz-se necessário discutir sobre a prática clínica do enfermeiro com o conjunto da sociedade, e principalmente com os gestores e formuladores das leis no país.

Abstract: The redefinition of the clinical practice of nurses in primary health care (PHC) requires the understanding of the different influencing dimensions, such as social and areas that involve their effectiveness and consolidation in the care model, whether in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic or in the daily life of PHC. In this sense, it is questioned how the care model of the municipalities in the State of Paraná provides the clinical practice of nurses in PHC. The general objective is to analyze the health care model of the municipalities and its relationship with the clinical practice of nurses in PHC under the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Specific objectives: to characterize the municipal health care model in its relations with the clinical practice of nurses; to identify the perception of health managers about the role of nurses in clinical practice in PHC; To recognize the role of nurses in PHC in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, their clinical practices as strategies of access to health care for the population; to identify the divergences and convergences between the clinical practice of nurses, model and the essential attributes of Primary Care. The method was composed of a qualitative exploratory and descriptive research, carried out in the State of Paraná, including one municipality in each health region. Data collection was performed through an interview with the support of a semi-structured script. Twentysix interviews were conducted from May to December 2021. The participants were municipal managers with functions related to the planning, organization and direction of primary health care. The ethical aspects were followed, according to the provisions of Resolution n. 466, of December 12, 2012, of the National Health Council. To support the analysis, the IRAMUTEQ software was used in the organization and processing of the data, and then the analysis of convergences and divergences was performed, in which the Dialectical Hermeneutics (DH) was used. The results were organized into five classes entitled: The perception of managers about the clinical practice of nurses in PHC; The nurse in the management, organization and development of the care model in PHC; The resumption of health actions in primary care after the Covid-19 pandemic; The organization of the care model during the Covid-19 pandemic in PHC and the clinical performance of nurses in PHC with a main focus on meeting chronic conditions. Regarding the convergences and divergences identified, the need for proximity between the attributes of PHC is highlighted, which are often highlighted, or organized in isolation, without integration or relationship between them. Another point, that there is a consensus among managers that the clinical practice of nurses is fundamental to the strengthening of PHC, but diverges from the perception that some nurses elect administrative activities over the clinic, understanding that it may imply the advancement of advanced clinical practice in Brazil. The research contributed to reflect on the resignification of nurses' clinical practice, especially in the context of primary health care. Also, on the structural role of the State, draws attention to the same: to recognize and assume its role in the preparation, articulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the care model, especially in supporting municipalities; identify the prevalence of care models, cooperating with changes that are necessary, especially in the transition from a fragmented model to one that meets and articulates the principles of the SUS. In addition, this study contributes to the theme, demonstrating that the role of nurses is fundamental in PHC, with regard to access, coordination of care, comprehensiveness and longitudinality. In addition, there is an understanding of the importance of nurses' clinical practice to strengthen PHC and improve the services provided to the population. However, it is necessary to discuss the clinical practice of nurses with society as a whole, and especially with managers and law makers in the country.

Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica estadíos 3b, 4 y 5 en el Seguro Social de Salud del Perú (EsSalud)

Introducción: El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el manejo de la enfermedad renal crónica estadíos 3b, 4 y 5 en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Objetivo: Proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el manejo de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica estadíos 3b, 4 y 5 en EsSalud. Métodos: Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 9 preguntas clínicas. Se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y estudios primarios en PubMed entre diciembre del 2020 y agosto del 2021. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder a las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). El GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular recomendaciones, los puntos de buena práctica clínica (BPC) y los flujogramas de manejo. Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 88-IETSI-ESSALUD-2021. Resultados: La presente GPC abordó 9 preguntas clínicas. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 17 recomendaciones (7 fuertes y 10 condicionales), 28 BPC, y 4 flujogramas de manejo. Conclusión: El presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencias de la GPC para el manejo de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica estadíos 3b, 4 y 5 en EsSalud.

Introduction: This article summarizes the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the management of stage 3b, 4, and 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). Objective: To provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for the management of stage 3b, 4, and 5 CKD in EsSalud. Methods: A guideline development group (GDG) was formed, including specialists and methodologists. The GDG formulated 9 clinical questions. Systematic searches for systematic reviews and primary studies were conducted in PubMed from December 2020 to August 2021. Evidence was selected to answer the clinical questions posed. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. The GDG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate recommendations, points of good clinical practice (GPC), and management flowcharts. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 88-IETSI-ESSALUD-2021. Results: This CPG addressed 9 clinical questions. Based on these questions, 17 recommendations (7 strong and 10 conditional), 28 GPC points, and 4 management flowcharts were formulated. Conclusion: This article summarizes the methodology and evidence-based conclusions of the CPG for the management of stage 3b, 4, and 5 CKD in EsSalud.

Implementación de la guía desarrollo y mantenimiento del liderazgo en enfermería en la universidad de chile

Liderazgo, entendido como la capacidad de influir positivamente e impulsar a un grupo hacia metas comunes haciéndoles parte e involucrados en su proceso, es una característica que se desarrolla en la propia experiencia y la formación profesional. Diversos estudios evidencian la importancia del liderazgo en el cumplimiento de metas sanitarias. Quienes tienen bajo su responsabilidad al equipo que se encuentra en primera línea de atención de personas, familia, comunidad y territorios, debiesen ser líderes. El ejercicio del liderazgo por los y las enfermeras plantea grandes desafíos. En Chile se detectan obstaculizadores estructurales y personales para su ejercicio. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la utilidad del uso de una Guía de Enfermería Basada en Evidencia para aportar a la formación de competencias en liderazgo de estos futuros profesionales.

Leadership, understood as the ability to positively influence and drive a group towards common goals, making them part of and getting them involved in the process, is an aspect that can be developed through experience and professional training. Several studies show the importance of leadership in the achievement of health-related goals. Those who are in charge of a team that is in the first line of care provision for people, family, community and territories, should be leaders. Exercising leadership among nurses poses great challenges. Moreover, structural and personal obstacles have been detected in Chile. The objective of this article is to present the usefulness of implementing an Evidence-Based Nursing Guide to contribute to the development of leadership competencies among future nursing professionals.

A liderança, entendida como a capacidade de influenciar positivamente e conduzir um grupo em direção a objetivos comuns, tornando-os parte e envolvendo-os no processo, é uma característica que pode ser desenvolvida através da experiência e do treinamento profissional. Vários estudos demostram a importância da liderança na realização dos objetivos de saúde. Aqueles que são responsáveis pela equipe na linha de frente do atendimento às pessoas, famílias, comunidades e territórios devem ser líderes. O exercício da liderança pelos enfermeiros representa grandes desafios. Além disso, no Chile, foram detectados obstáculos estruturais e pessoais no exercício da liderança. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a utilidade da implementação de um Guia de Enfermagem Baseado em Evidências para contribuir com a formação de competências de liderança entre os futuros profissionais de enfermagem.

Implementación de tres guías de buenas prácticas clínicas en la escuela de enfermería de la universidad de talca, chile

El presente artículo describe el proceso de implementación de tres guías elaboradas por la Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario (RNAO) de Canadá, en el módulo enfermería en el adulto en la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad de Talca, proceso que se enmarca en el convenio establecido entre la Universidad de Talca y esta asociación, a través del Departamento de Enfermería de la Universidad de Chile, host leader del Programa de Guías de Buenas Prácticas Clínicas de la RNAO. Esta implementación se llevó a cabo a través de diversas metodologías de enseñanza-aprendizaje que han permitido a los estudiantes integrar y aplicar la Enfermería Basada en Evidencia en la práctica clínica y también, establecer una alianza entre la institución académica y los centros de asistencia sanitaria.

This article describes the implementation process of three guidelines developed by the Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario (RNAO) in the adult nursing module at the School of Nursing of the University of Talca. This process is part of the agreement reached between the University of Talca and this association, through the Department of Nursing of the University of Chile, Host Leader of the RNAO's Best Clinical Practice Guidelines Program. This implementation has been carried out through various teaching-learning methodologies that have allowed students to integrate and apply Evidence-Based Nursing in clinical practice and also to establish an alliance between the academic institution and health care centers.

Este artigo descreve o processo de implementação de três diretrizes desenvolvidas pela Associação de Enfermeiros Registrados de Ontario (RNAO, sigla em inglês) do Canadá no módulo de enfermagem para adultos da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de Talca. Esse processo faz parte do acordo estabelecido entre a Universidade de Talca e esta associação, por meio do Departamento de Enfermagem da Universidade do Chile, host leader do Programa de Boas Práticas Clínicas da RNAO. Essa implementação foi realizada por meio de várias metodologias de ensino-apredizagem que permitiram aos estudantes integrarem a Enfermagem Baseada em Evidências à prática clínica, e também estabelecer uma aliança entre a instituição académica e os centros de saúde.

Collaborative effort to catalyze the implementation of the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer in the Central American subregion / Esfuerzo de colaboración para impulsar la aplicación de la Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil en la subregión de Centroamérica / Esforço colaborativo para catalisar a implementação da Iniciativa Global para o Câncer Infantil na sub-região da América Central

ABSTRACT In Central America, childhood cancer is one of the leading causes of death. It is also a significant disease burden to health systems, with social and economic implications for families. The World Health Organization (WHO), the Executive Secretary of the Council of Ministers of Health of Central America and the Dominican Republic (SE-COMISCA), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and St Jude Children's Research Hospital are working collaboratively to strengthen the health system's response to childhood cancer in Central America and the Dominican Republic. This collaboration's primary objective is to support the development of national pediatric cancer plans for each country in the subregion and improve overall survival rates and quality of care for children with cancer through a more comprehensive universal health coverage package. This collaborative effort has led to: (i) the development of childhood cancer national action plans; (ii) the launch of awareness and promotion campaigns; (iii) the design of childhood cancer educational material for children and their families; and (iv) a platform for professionals working in childhood cancer to share good practices and successful experiences. The countries of the subregion together with PAHO and St Jude Children's Research Hospital are working to develop standardized evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on childhood cancer for the region. This brief communication reports on this collaborative work.

RESUMEN En Centroamérica, el cáncer infantil es una de las principales causas de muerte. La enfermedad también supone una carga considerable para los sistemas de salud y tiene implicaciones sociales y económicas para las familias. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la Secretaría Ejecutiva del Consejo de Ministros de Salud de Centroamérica y República Dominicana (SE-COMISCA), la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y el St Jude Children's Research Hospital están trabajando conjuntamente para fortalecer la respuesta de los sistemas de salud frente al cáncer infantil en Centroamérica y República Dominicana. El objetivo principal de esta colaboración es respaldar la elaboración de un plan nacional sobre el cáncer pediátrico para cada país de la subregión y mejorar las tasas de supervivencia global y la calidad de la atención que se presta a la población infantil con cáncer mediante un programa más completo de cobertura universal de salud. Este esfuerzo de colaboración ha dado lugar a: a) la elaboración de planes de acción nacionales sobre el cáncer infantil; b) la puesta en marcha de campañas de concientización y promoción; c) el diseño de materiales educativos sobre el cáncer en la infancia para la población infantil y sus familias; y d) una plataforma para que los profesionales que trabajan en cáncer infantil intercambien buenas prácticas y experiencias exitosas. Los países de la subregión, junto con la OPS y el St Jude Children's Research Hospital, están trabajando en la elaboración para Centroamérica de unas directrices de práctica clínica sobre cáncer infantil que estén estandarizadas y basadas en la evidencia.

RESUMO Na América Central, o câncer infantil é uma das principais causas de morte. O câncer também representa uma carga importante de doença para os sistemas de saúde, com implicações sociais e econômicas para as famílias. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a Secretaria Executiva do Conselho de Ministros da Saúde da América Central e da República Dominicana (SE-COMISCA), a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e o St Jude Children's Research Hospital estão trabalhando em colaboração para fortalecer a resposta do sistema de saúde ao câncer infantil na América Central e na República Dominicana. O principal objetivo dessa colaboração é apoiar o desenvolvimento de planos nacionais para o câncer pediátrico em cada país da sub-região e melhorar as taxas gerais de sobrevida e a qualidade do atendimento a crianças com câncer por meio de um pacote mais abrangente de cobertura universal de saúde. Os resultados desse esforço colaborativo foram: a) desenvolvimento de planos de ação nacionais para o câncer infantil; b) lançamento de campanhas de conscientização e promoção; c) criação de material educativo sobre o câncer infantil para as crianças e suas famílias; e d) uma plataforma para que os profissionais que trabalham com câncer infantil compartilhem boas práticas e experiências bem-sucedidas. Os países da sub-região, juntamente com a OPAS e o St Jude Children's Research Hospital, estão trabalhando para desenvolver diretrizes regionais de prática clínica para o câncer infantil padronizadas e baseadas em evidências.

Percepción de los estudiantes de enfermería con las prácticas clínicas durante la pandemia covid-19

Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de los estudiantes de tercer grado de enfermería del ambiente de aprendizaje de prácticas clínicas durante el periodo de pandemia Covid-19. Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico que se llevó a cabo en un curso académico 2021-2022, de una universidad en Alicante, España. Participaron 15 estudiantes de tercer curso del grado de enfermería en el ambiente de aprendizaje de prácticas clínicas (5 módulos de prácticas, de 17 días cada uno) durante el periodo Covid-19 y en ámbitos de atención primaria y especializada. Se empleó un tipo de muestreo intencionado y se aplicaron las preguntas guía en entrevistas semiestructuradas hasta la saturación del objeto de estudio. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido según Bardin. Resultados: Los participantes manifestaron preocupación ante la percepción con las prácticas clínicas durante la pandemia Covid-19, lo que permitió establecer una categoría principal denominada "Conocer". A partir de esta categoría principal se desarrollan las siguientes subcategorías: 1) Relación con los tutores, 2) Ambiente pedagógico en la sala de hospitalizados, 3) Rol de la enfermera docente, 4) Relación con la supervisora y el equipo clínico y 5) Documentación de enfermería. Conclusiones: Las percepciones de los estudiantes sobre el entorno de aprendizaje en las prácticas clínicas pueden considerarse aceptables, lo que refuerza la idea de que la práctica clínica en un entorno de apoyo podría motivar a los estudiantes y ayudarlos a adquirir conocimientos incluso en periodo de pandemia de Covid-19.

Objective: To know the perception of third year students of the nursing program in the learning environment of clinical practice during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in the academic year 2021-2022, from a university of Alicante, Spain. 15 third-year nursing students participated in the clinical practice-learning environment (5 practice modules of 17 days each) during the Covid-19 period and in primary and specialized care settings. An intentional sampling technique was used and the guiding questions were applied in semi-structured interviews until reaching saturation. The data were subjected to Bardin's content analysis. Results: Participants expressed concerns about the perception of clinical practices during the Covid-19 pandemic, which allowed the establishment of a main category called "to know". From this main category, the following subcategories were developed: 1) Relationship with instructors, 2) Educational environment in the inpatient treatment room, 3) Role of the nurse educator, 4) Relationship with the supervisor and the clinical team, and 5) Nursing documentation. Conclusions: Students' perceptions of the learning environment in the clinical practice can be considered acceptable, which reinforces the idea that clinical practice in a supportive environment can motivate students and help them acquire knowledge even in the period of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção dos estudantes do terceiro ano do programa de enfermagem sobre o ambiente de aprendizagem da prática clínica durante o período da pandemia da Covid-19. Material e Método: Estudo fenomenológico qualitativo realizado no ano académico 2021-2022 na uma universidade de Alicante, Espanha. 15 estudantes de enfermagem do terceiro ano participaram do ambiente de aprendizagem de prática clínica (5 módulos de prática de 17 dias cada) durante o período da Covid-19 em ambientes de atendimento primário e especializado. Utilizou-se uma técnica de amostragem intencional e as perguntas orientadoras foram aplicadas em entrevistas semiestruturadas até atingir a saturação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Os participantes manifestaram preocupação com a percepção das práticas clínicas durante a pandemia de Covid-19, o que permitiu estabelecer uma categoria principal denominada "conhecer". A partir desta categoria principal desenvolvem-se as seguintes subcategorias: 1) Relacionamento com os tutores, 2) Ambiente pedagógico na enfermaria do hospital, 3) Papel do enfermeiro docente, 4) Relacionamento com o supervisor e a equipe clínica e 5) Documentação de enfermagem. Conclusões: As percepções dos estudantes sobre o ambiente de aprendizagem nas práticas clínicas podem ser consideradas aceitáveis, o que reforça a ideia de que a prática clínica num ambiente de apoio pode motivar os estudantes e ajudá-los a adquirir conhecimento, mesmo no período de pandemia da Covid-19.

Brazilian guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of the pulmonary symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Official document of the Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT, Brazilian Thoracic Association) / Diretrizes brasileiras para o tratamento farmacológico pulmonar na fibrose cística. Documento oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia

ABSTRACT Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that results in dysfunction of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is a chloride and bicarbonate channel expressed in the apical portion of epithelial cells of various organs. Dysfunction of that protein results in diverse clinical manifestations, primarily involving the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, impairing quality of life and reducing life expectancy. Although CF is still an incurable pathology, the therapeutic and prognostic perspectives are now totally different and much more favorable. The purpose of these guidelines is to define evidence-based recommendations regarding the use of pharmacological agents in the treatment of the pulmonary symptoms of CF in Brazil. Questions in the Patients of interest, Intervention to be studied, Comparison of interventions, and Outcome of interest (PICO) format were employed to address aspects related to the use of modulators of this protein (ivacaftor, lumacaftor+ivacaftor, and tezacaftor+ivacaftor), use of dornase alfa, eradication therapy and chronic suppression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Burkholderia cepacia complex. To formulate the PICO questions, a group of Brazilian specialists was assembled and a systematic review was carried out on the themes, with meta-analysis when applicable. The results obtained were analyzed in terms of the strength of the evidence compiled, the recommendations being devised by employing the GRADE approach. We believe that these guidelines represent a major advance to be incorporated into the approach to patients with CF, mainly aiming to favor the management of the disease, and could become an auxiliary tool in the definition of public policies related to CF.

RESUMO A fibrose cística (FC) é uma doença genética que resulta em disfunção da proteína reguladora de condutância transmembrana da FC (CFTR), que é um canal de cloro e bicarbonato expresso na porção apical de células epiteliais de diversos órgãos. A disfunção dessa proteína resulta em manifestações clínicas diversas, envolvendo primariamente os sistemas respiratório e gastrointestinal com redução da qualidade e expectativa de vida. A FC ainda é uma patologia incurável, porém o horizonte terapêutico e prognóstico é hoje totalmente distinto e muito mais favorável. O objetivo destas diretrizes foi definir recomendações brasileiras baseadas em evidências em relação ao emprego de agentes farmacológicos no tratamento pulmonar da FC. As perguntas PICO (acrônimo baseado em perguntas referentes aos Pacientes de interesse, Intervenção a ser estudada, Comparação da intervenção e Outcome [desfecho] de interesse) abordaram aspectos relativos ao uso de moduladores de CFTR (ivacaftor, lumacaftor + ivacaftor e tezacaftor + ivacaftor), uso de dornase alfa, terapia de erradicação e supressão crônica de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e erradicação de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina e do complexo Burkholderia cepacia. Para a formulação das perguntas, um grupo de especialistas brasileiros foi reunido e realizou-se uma revisão sistemática sobre os temas, com meta-análise quando aplicável. Os resultados encontrados foram analisados quanto à força das evidências compiladas, sendo concebidas recomendações seguindo a metodologia GRADE. Os autores acreditam que o presente documento represente um importante avanço a ser incorporado na abordagem de pacientes com FC, objetivando principalmente favorecer seu manejo, podendo se tornar uma ferramenta auxiliar na definição de políticas públicas relacionadas à FC.